Electric cars have ushered in a new era of innovation, with brands regularly updating vehicles to feature all kinds of modern technology.
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That includes lots of technology to improve the range of modern EVs, such as regenerative braking. That takes the kinetic energy that would be lost by a car slowing down and feed it back into the battery.
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One of the most notable bits of new technology helping to boost the range of an EV &#; particularly in winter &#; is a heat pump. Now an optional extra on many EVs, heat pumps retain heat from the batteries and use it to increase the range of an EV.
Here we explain how heat pumps work, how they benefit your electric car and how much they cost as an optional extra.
How does a heat pump work?
Motors, whether electric or combustion engine, produce heat when they're used. That's effectively wasted energy, so in an attempt to make the most of it combustion engine cars use a small amount of it to help run a car's heating and ventilation.
By comparison, EVs are just too efficient for their own good: while the motors and batteries do produce excess heat that can harm the range, there isn't enough to be used for the ventilation system. So EV drivers either go cold, or have to draw extra power from the battery to operate a fan heater. Not ideal.
That's where a heat pump comes in. It&#;s effectively a refrigerator but in reverse: its function is the opposite of the one found in your kitchen.
A household fridge contains refrigerant gas which becomes hot when compressed. Once compressed the gas is transported around a number of tubes to the condenser.
The condenser then radiates the heat out, thus cooling the refrigerant gas which then travels into a grid called the evaporator. Because the evaporator is larger than the condenser, the pressure drops and the liquid refrigerant is evaporated. The temperature then drops and the fridge is cooled.
An EV heat pump draws air in from outside, compresses it, then uses the heat from the condenser to raise the temperature in either the battery or the car's interior.
Reversible heat pumps can also warm, as well as cool, the battery. If cooling, any excess heat from the battery can be sent to the inside via the cabin heater.
Does it increase the range of an EV?
Adding a heat pump has many benefits, but most importantly is its ability to increase the range of your electric car, particularly during the winter months.
When an electric car is switched on in winter months, it takes longer for the battery to warm up which reduces efficiency. The lithium-ion batteries in an EV rely on chemical reactions to store and create electricity. Cold weather slows these reactions down resulting in the drop in performance and range.
It is estimated that EVs range drops by around 10 per cent in winter, even before you account for using extra energy for cabin heating. Heat pumps can really help reduce that drop-off.
During our winter real-world range test &#; conducted in partnership with sister brand What Car? &#; the electric cars fitted with a heat pump fell short of their official range by an average of 25.4 per cent, while those without suffered a 33.6 per cent deficit.
Cars with heat pumps also proved more efficient, averaging 3.2 miles/kWh, compared with 2.9 miles/kWh for ones without.
In addition, heat pumps are often programmed to be remotely controlled by your smartphone, allowing EV owners to heat their car before they set off on a journey. And if you&#;re plugged into the mains electricity you won&#;t drain the battery either.
Do heat pumps come as standard?
Heat pumps becoming more popular, and some brand such as Tesla, Porsche and BMW offer EVs with such devices as standard. Some manufacturers offer a heat pump as an optional extra, and frustratingly they can be a pricey addition.
The Hyundai Ioniq 5, for example, offers a heat pump as an optional extra for £995. Skoda asks for £ for a heat pump for the Enyaq iV. It is worth noting that heat pumps are often included in the kit list for higher trim levels of many models.
Even if they are an expensive option, a heat pump is worth considering: they have extensive benefits, from improving efficiency, to increasing the range of your EV.
Whether you&#;re thinking of making the switch to an EV or about to order your new set of zero-emission wheels, we&#;d recommend adding a heat pump for peace of mind.
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A heat pump is one of those things that nobody had ever heard about a few years ago and now everybody is talking about them. Heat pumps are super-efficient electric heaters and unlike conventional resistance heaters of the sort used in kettles, ovens, or room heaters, they generate more energy in the form of heat than they consume as electricity to power them.
For an electric car which relies on electrical energy from the battery to heat the cabin, the advantage of using a heat pump to warm the inside of the car compared to a conventional electric heater is obvious, it uses less energy.
The energy a heat pumps saves can be used to power the car and increase range.
If all that sounds a bit new-fangled and a little hard to swallow, the heat pump concept has been in use for a long time. In fact, most of us have grown up with a form of heat pump in our kitchens better known as the fridge. Most modern cars already have something similar in them too, called air conditioning.
How does a heat pump work? A heat pump used to warm a house or an electric vehicle cabin works on the same principal as a fridge, freezer or air conditioning system, but in reverse. Refreshingly, a heat pump is one of those things that does exactly what the name implies, it pushes heat from one place to another. A heat pump makes things cold by removing heat rather than adding cold and by the same token, a heat pump can warm something or some place by depositing heat it&#;s removed from somewhere else.
In simple terms, the refrigeration circuit in a household fridge works like this. Refrigerant gas is compressed in tubing mounted on the back of the fridge which causes it to heat up. The tubing radiates the heat into the room and the gas cools down turning into liquid. While still under pressure, the now liquid refrigerant passes into a series of larger volume tubes winding around inside the chiller compartment of the fridge called the evaporator. The pressure drops, causing the liquid refrigerant to evaporate (just as water evaporating on the skin cools you down) and the inside of the fridge gets cold.
Now imagine the room being the inside of your car, and the chiller compartment of the fridge being exposed to the air outside your car. The reverse fridge, or heat pump, is sucking heat from the outside air and transferring it to the cabin of your car. Surprisingly, this works even in very cold weather, as many Scandinavians heating their homes using heat pumps will testify.
The average internal combustion engine converts less than half of the energy contained in the fuel it burns into power. A small amount of that waste heat can be used to heat the cabin in cold weather but the rest is wasted via the engine&#;s cooling system. EVs also generate some heat from the battery and motor and many EVs have liquid-cooled batteries and motors as a result. Some manufacturers combine the heat pump with these cooling systems, so they can not only take heat from the air to warm the cabin but also extract heat from the EVs driveline cooling system as well. Given that the range of an electric car is reduced in the cold winter months, cutting down on energy use for cabin heating is well worth it.
A good number of premium electric cars these days are fitted with heat pumps as standard, including Teslas, Hyundai&#;s Ioniq 5, Kia&#;s EV6 and BMW&#;s i4 to name a few, but not all premium cars have them so you need to check when buying new. As an option they cost the lion&#;s share of £1,000 and they can&#;t be retro-fitted so again, if you&#;re buying secondhand, a little research pays dividends.
Heat pumps make your car more efficient in winter
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